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The word “photograph” comes from the Greek photos (light) and graphein (to draw). A photo is composed of layers, much like a pizza. Base or Support (the crust) – The primary material upon which the photo lies. Common bases include paper, copper or iron sheet, glass plate, and plastic (e.g., acetate, polyester, nitrate). Binder or Emulsion (the sauce) – This is the transparent material which holds light-sensitive materials to the base. Common emulsions include albumen, gelatin, gum Arabic, and collodion (made up, in part, by cellulose). Light-Sensitive Materials (the pepperoni & cheese) – These are the elements that actually bear the image. They are made of compounds of silver, iron, and platinum, or color-processing dyes. Photography got its start in the late 1830s. Since then there have been numerous types of photographic processes invented and used. Some of the more common types of photos that you might find in your collection include:
Far too often photos are passed down in a family with little or no information. Be sure to take the time to document as much as you can. It’s best not to write on a photo, or at least not on the front of it. Inks can smear and bleed over time. Hard-tipped pens can press into the soft paper of a photo, leaving raised marks on the reverse. Rather than write on your photos, photocopy them onto good quality paper (100% cotton bond, available at office supply stores) and write your notes on the photocopies. Store both photos and photocopies together, in a safe location.If you must write on a photo, use a soft #2 pencil with paper-based photos. Modern photos are printed on resin-coated (RC) paper which is plastic in feel and difficult to write on. Sometimes pencil will work, but don’t press down so hard as to make raised marks. You can use a fast-drying “permanent” marker on RC prints, but be aware that it may cause problems. Make your notes along the edges of the photo in case the ink later bleeds or smears. When documenting photos, include complete names, places, and dates. “Mother and me on my birthday” won’t be terribly informative to the next generation. Note fun stories and memories too, as they often make history—and people—come alive. There are many reasons why photos deteriorate or become damaged.
Don’t attempt to clean or repair photos yourself. Pressure-sensitive tapes (like cellophane), glues, pins, rubber bands, and staples will permanently damage your photos. Tape can stain and ooze and cause paper to become transparent as chemicals leach out and are absorbed. Whatever you do, don’t laminate your photo! If repair is needed, choose a qualified photo conservator (see “Conservation” at end of article). He or she is trained to preserve the object in its original form, rather than alter it to look as good as new. A conservator will have had years of training in early photo manufacturing processes, chemistry, etc., and will use techniques that are safe, appropriate, and reversible. One way you can “fix” a photo yourself is through computer software. Scan the image and clean up the scan, rather than the original photo. Storing photos properly is expensive and time consuming. Before you start, determine if all of your photos are worth the effort. Ask yourself: which photos should be considered heirlooms? which are poor quality or redundant? which are the most fragile?Bad storage materials include everyday cardboard, tissue paper, glassine, newsprint, wood, plastic wrap, and bubble wrap. Good storage materials are acid-free—they don’t contain acid that can harm photos. There are two kinds of acid-free materials available, unbuffered and buffered. Knowing how the pH scale works will help you understand the difference between the two. The pH scale ranges from 0 (the highest concentration of acid) to 14 (the highest concentration of alkaline). In the middle is pH 7 which is neither acidic nor alkaline. “Pure” water registers as pH 7 while soapy water registers as pH 12 (alkaline) and lemon juice registers as pH 2 (acidic).
Unbuffered materials are neutral (pH 7). This type of paper, tissue, and cardboard is safe for all kinds of photos, but won’t last as long as will buffered materials. Buffered materials have an added alkaline (pH 8 or higher) that acts as an acid reservoir. The alkaline works like a sponge and soaks up more acids than unbuffered paper can. But buffered materials can harm some photos made with protein-based materials like the albumen (egg white) in albumen prints. Because of this, some conservators recommend that you use unbuffered materials when storing photos. Unbuffered materials may not last as long or soak up as much acid as buffered materials, but they are safer. Lignin is a material found in trees and plants. It gives them rigidity and strength. Lignin, when left in paper products, breaks down into acids which oxidize and discolor and cause paper to become brittle. Lignin-free storage materials are a good choice. They’re generally made of highly purified wood pulp or cotton. What about plastic? Some plastics are considered safe because they are stable and pH neutral. Examples of inert (unchanging) plastics are uncoated polyester, polyethylene, and polypropylene. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) is an example of a bad plastic because, over time, it can break down into hydrochloric acid. Plastic has its problems. It can trap moisture which may lead to mold growth. Static electricity can lift fragile, flaking surfaces. Plastic doesn’t provide buffering protection against changes in humidity like paper can. Some institutions like the National Archives and Records Administration recommend that families use plastic sheet protectors to house their photos, but to be on the safe side, you may want to avoid them. Good quality storage materials won’t last forever. Eventually they will absorb all the acids and pollution they are able to and then release these materials into the photo. Therefore it’s important to exchange these materials for new whenever they begin to yellow. Conservation supply companies sell pH-testing pens that will indicate, in a broad way, whether or not a material is acidic. There are many storage options available these days. The storage materials discussed below should be made of high quality acid-free, lignin-free, unbuffered papers. Some museums store small photos in file folders. File folders are easy to use and allow you to see the photos at a glance. If you have numerous photos, place several in a folder and interleave (place a sheet of paper between each photo) to minimize acid migration. Envelopes are another storage possibility, but you must remove the photo each time you wish to view it. Be sure to use envelopes with a side seam rather than those that have a center seam. The glue in a center seam may eventually leach out and damage the middle part of the photo. Store photos by size and condition. Small photos (8x10 or smaller) can be stored vertically while larger or fragile photos and daguerreotypes should be stored horizontally. For added protection, place file folders or envelopes in a box with reinforced corners. Don’t store heavy items on top of small or fragile photos. Don’t overcrowd or place photos in a too-small box. Don’t store photos in frames as they can trap moisture. The glass in a frame can break and damage the photo.
Store your negatives, slides, and discs in similar quality materials as your photos. Don’t store negatives with photos as aging negatives can release harmful gasses. Some older negatives are problematic. Those made with cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate (“safety film”) will decompose and become unstable over time. Nitrate film may spontaneously combust while acetate will give off a vinegar smell. When storing photos, choose a good location. Attics, basements, kitchens, and bathrooms are bad because of temperature and humidity extremes. Good places are cool (65º-75º F), dry (30%-50% relative humidity), and well ventilated and are away from exterior walls, vents, and water pipes. Well-used interior closets are a good choice. Other factors, such as good housekeeping, influence the safety and longevity of photos. Keep dirt and dust down and cleaning chemicals away from photo storage areas. Maintain heating and air conditioning units. Fix leaky pipes and faucets. Place weather stripping on doors and windows. Patch holes in walls, roofs, and eaves. Practice good handling techniques. Museum personnel wear clean cotton gloves to protect photos from dirt, oils, and acids found on hands. Carefully handle a photo by its edges, making sure to fully support the back of the image with your hand. If you are continually researching family photos or taking them to reunions, make copies of them and leave the originals at home. Unfortunately, it’s hard to find photo storage supplies in Northwest Arkansas. Frame shops carry buffered mat board and camera shops have plastic sheet protectors. Gloves are available at camera shops and medical supply companies. For the best choice of storage materials, check with a conservation supply company either on-line or by requesting a catalog conservator (see “On-Line Preservation Info” at end of article). When purchasing storage materials, beware the hype! Educate yourself on what you need and why certain materials are preferred. Remember that manufacturers want to sell you something, so investigate their claims. What does “museum quality” mean? What does a manufacturer mean when it claims something is “acid-free?” Does it mean that it’s pH neutral or does it have an added alkaline buffering agent? Bleach is acid-free, but you wouldn’t want to use it on your photos. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) offers guidelines for photo preservation supplies. ANSI
IT9.16 – Photographic
Activity Test (PAT) ANSI
IT9.2 – Photographic Films, Plates, and Papers—Filing
Enclosures and Storage Containers Digital photos have their own unique storage problems that present-day historians, curators, and conservators are pondering. Rapid advances in technology mean that a photo digitally captured in one format may or may not be able to be accessed in the future. (Remember 8-track tapes and laser discs?) In order to preserve a digital photo, it should be formatted in a TIFF file without compression. As each technological advance occurs, the digital info should be “migrated” to the new system. This can be expensive and time consuming. At present, black and white film is more stable than color film or digital images. Display is possible, but not recommended. Light, heat, and humidity can cause permanent damage. Once you lose your original image, it’s gone forever. It’s better to frame and display a copy rather than the original. If necessary, it’s possible to display the original for short periods, as long as it’s in a good, secure location.If you must frame your original photos, choose a reputable, knowledgeable framer.
Sometimes the photo can be “hung” on rice-paper hinges using purified starch paste or chemically modified cellulose as an adhesive. Don’t cut the original photo to fit the frame. Use a mat or spacers to keep the glass from touching the photo because moisture can make the photo stick to the glass. Choose quality materials when framing. Use PAT-approved, unbuffered, acid-free, lignin-free rag mat board. Glass can break and scar a photo, so Plexiglas is a better choice. UV-plexi eliminates damaging ultraviolet light, but it doesn’t prevent damage from other forms of light. Place framed photos in a good location away from windows, doors, fireplaces, vents, humidifiers, and bright lamps. Don’t place frames on exterior walls, in kitchens or bathrooms, or where temperatures fluctuate rapidly. Good air circulation is important. Displaying photos in an album is a good way to store them. Once again, choose good quality materials. “Magnetic” photo albums, made with plastic covers and sheets of sticky cardstock, will damage your photos. Plastic sleeves offer protection to photographic surfaces, but they can trap moisture and photos can slip out. Don’t overstuff your album. Use photo corners to mount your photos; don’t use tape or glue. If you’re a scrapbooker, never crop or embellish an original photo; use a copy. Caring for photos properly is a big task, but it needn’t be undertaken all at once. Think in terms of small, achievable steps. If photos are stored in an attic, the first step can be to move them to a more environmentally stable place. If photos are stored in a cardboard box, the next step would be to transfer them to a polyethylene storage container with a loose-fitting lid. And so on. Photo preservation information is available on-line and in libraries. The following is a list of recommended websites and books. Your local museum staff may also be able to give you advice. If you’d like to hear this material presented, it’s available as a podcast, "Put Your Relatives in Their Place." When all is said and done, if you’re still wondering how you can possibly give your photos the care and attention they deserve, you might consider donating them to a well-run, active museum or archive with knowledgeable, trained, caring staff. Be aware that every museum has a mission and collects according to their needs. A military museum will probably not be interested in photos of your family’s trip to the zoo. Search out appropriate museums via the Internet or through The Official Museum Directory (available at Shiloh Museum) which contains information about thousands of museums across the nation.
• “Acid Deterioration,” “What Causes Acids to Be Present in Paper?” “What Can We Do to Protect Paper From Acids?” “pH,” & “Preventive Conservation” — Conservation Resources International LLC • “Archival Storage of Photographic Materials” — Gaylord Brothers • “Ask an Expert: Preserving Your Photographs: Windows to the Past” — Minnesota Historical Society • “Basic Care of Photographic Materials” — Minnesota Historical Society • “Care of Photographic Materials: Prints” — Minnesota Historical Society • “Care of Photographs” — Northeast Document Conservation Center • “Caring for Your Family Archives” — National Archives and Records Administration • “Caring for Your Photographic Collections” — Library of Congress • “Caring for Your Photographs” — American Institute for Conservation • “Creating Long-Lasting Inkjet Prints” — Northeast Document Conservation Center • “The Science of Scrapbooking” (various titles) — Scrapbook Preservation Society • “The Care and Preservation of Photographic Prints” — Henry Ford Museum
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